EPISODE 9 "HISTORY IS VERY PERSONAL."
Christine is a true Vermonter in every way: she is part Abenaki, and her entire family has been here for generations. Growing up working-class in a working-class town, she knows what it feels like to be disregarded. When she finally gets the chance to go to college as a working mother, she is awakened to her own intelligence. She decides to teach history, focusing on the history of women and Native Americans. She believes history is very personal, and her students learn history by making it personal. She makes a decent living, but it is only because her union has fought hard for it -- and they have to keep on fighting for it.

Oral history transcript to be performed: Christine Smith, Librarian at Spaulding, former History Teacher at Spaulding HS (2017, original).

Narrator: Sb Sowbel

THEME SONG CREDIT
The “John Henry” song at the beginning of our show is from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Used courtesy of the Association for Cultural Equity.

RESEARCH CITATIONS

• Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. Hill and Wang, 2003.
• “Native Americans / Native Vermonters.” The Vermont Movie, 2016, thevermontmovie.com/pdfs/abenakis.pdf.
• Post, Charles. The American Road to Capitalism: Studies in Class-Structure, Economic Development and Political Conflict, 1620-1877. Haymarket, 2012.
• Rooker, Sarah. “English Settlement In The Connecticut River Valley: 1691-1791.” Flow of History, 20 Feb. 2014, www.flowofhistory.org/english-settlement-in-the-connecticut-river-valley-1691-1791/.
• Matthewson, R. Duncan. “Western Abenaki of TheUpper Connecticut River Basin:Preliminary Notes on Native AmericanPre-Contact Culture in Northern New England.” The Journal of Vermont Archaeology, vol. 12, 2011, pp. 1–45.
• Rooker, Sarah. “The French Settlement Of Vermont: 1609-1929.” Flow of History, 10 Jan. 2014, www.flowofhistory.org/the-french-settlement-of-vermont-1609-1929/.
• Rooker, Sarah. “Stories of Forced Migrations to Vermont.” Flow of History, 14 Mar. 2014, www.flowofhistory.org/stories-of-forced-migragion/.
• Wood, Paul. “Granite Columm Early Uses of Stone Were Primitive, Helpful.” Times Argus, 18 Oct. 2018, www.timesargus.com/news/granite-columm-early-uses-of-stone-were-primitive-helpful/article_4c95190f-3669-5eea-a707-381da7ca7b52.html.

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS
Music: "Cascade" by Parallel Park. From Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC-SA
Music: "Coming Round" by Parallel Park. From Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC-SA
Sound Effect: "ambience house with tv" by H0ugH. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "atm money bank machine" by Nkzdra. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Ambience, Seaside Waves, Close, A" by InspectorJ. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Cafe busy with children" by Stevious42. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Classroom" by sarcasticbracket. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "College library ambience" by Hourofmidnight. From freesound.org. CC  BY-NC
Sound Effect: "GroupOfCollegeStudentsInClassroom" by adamlhumphreys. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "Library sounds" by artemis_ch. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Paintings at the exhibition » Lecture01" by LG. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Prinknash Abbey Ground (Graveyard) at Dusk" by kernowrules. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "Sad or Happy Movie Scene" by Soundscapes55. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Wall Clock Ticking" by straget. From freesound.org. CC BY

EPISODE 8 "IN THIS AREA, I WAS STUCK"
Many people did struggle during the Recession, and some never fully recovered. Paul dedicated his life to the liberal arts, helping students achieve their dreams, including a young poet with a speech impediment. When the cumulative effects of the 2008 crisis kicked in, however, Paul was laid off. He found work as a Retail Merchandiser, but it paid less than $15 an hour.
​
Oral history transcript to be performed: Paul Cook, former Retail Merchandiser and Academic Advisor (2017, original)

VOICE CREDITS
Storyteller: Paul Cook
Narrator: Reverend Earl Kooperkamp

THEME SONG CREDIT
The “John Henry” song at the beginning of our show is from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Used courtesy of the Association for Cultural Equity.

RESEARCH CREDITS

• DeSilver, Drew. “For Most Americans, Real Wages Have Barely Budged for Decades.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 7 Aug. 2018, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/08/07/for-most-us-workers-real-wages-have-barely-budged-for-decades/.
• Eagan, M. K., Stolzenberg, E. B., Ramirez, J. J., Aragon, M. C., Suchard, M. R., & Rios-Aguilar, C. (2016). The American freshman: Fifty-Year trends, 1966–2015. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.
• Morris, Alex. “Why Can't Allyson Get Ahead?” Rolling Stone, Rolling Stone, 13 Nov. 2018, www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/american-middle-class-disappearing-754735/.
• Schmidt, Benjamin. Mea Culpa: There *Is* a Crisis in the Humanities, 27 July 2018, sappingattention.blogspot.com/2018/07/mea-culpa-there-is-crisis-in-humanities.html.
• Selingo, Jeff. “Perspective | How the Great Recession Changed Higher Education Forever.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 21 Sept. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/09/21/how-great-recession-changed-higher-education-forever/?utm_term=.4c0cebee315b.
• Whistle, Wesley. “A Look At Millennial Student Debt.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 4 Oct. 2019, www.forbes.com/sites/wesleywhistle/2019/10/03/a-look-at-millennial-student-debt/#7ec1e7332437.

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS
Music: "Burbujas de agua" by Circus Marcus. From Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC
Music: "intro_outro" by Circus Marcus. From Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC
Music: "La penúltima del jueves" by Circus Marcus. From Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "00588 paperwork 1" by Robinhood76. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "Applause 4" by VlatkoBlazek. From freesound.org. CC BY

EPISODE 7 "IS THIS MY LIFE?"
Fast forward about 80 years to about a decade after America’s second-biggest economic contraction, the Great Recession. The granite industry is still dying, but it’s not wholly dead. The industry is also much safer than it used to be, thanks to workers fighting for better working conditions in the first half of the 20th century. For more highly skilled workers, there are still jobs. Gampo left the building trades to become a granite carver. He is one of about a half a dozen stone carvers left in Barre. He is an artist.
​
Oral history transcript to be performed: Gampo Wickenheiser, Stone Carver (2017, original)

VOICE CREDITS
Storyteller: Gampo Wickenheiser
Narrator: George Brin

RESEARCH CITATIONS

• Baldwin, Robert E. "U.S. Trade Policy Since 1934: An Uneven Path Toward Greater Trade Liberalization." NBER, 2009. https://www.nber.org/papers/w15397.pdf
• Clagett, Bryan. “Automation Is In Your Future, And The Future Is Now.” Forbes, 18 Oct. 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2018/10/18/automation-is-in-your-future-and-the-future-is-now/#28b300f7153b.
• Cooper, David. “Balancing Paychecks and Public Assistance: How Higher Wages Would Strengthen What Government Can Do.” Economic Policy Institute, 3 Feb. 2016, www.epi.org/publication/wages-and-transfers/.
• ​“The 'End Of Loyalty' And The Decline Of Good Jobs In America.” Fresh Air, hosted by Terry Gross, 5 July 2017.
• Gindin, Sam. “Clarifying the Crisis.” Jacobin, 2 Jan. 2014, www.jacobinmag.com/2014/01/clarifying-the-crisis/.
• Kettell, Steven. “Circuits of Capital and Overproduction: A Marxist Analysis of the Present World Economic Crisis.” Review of Radical Political Economics, vol. 38, no. 1, 1 Mar. 2006, pp. 24–44., doi:10.1177/0486613405283312.
• Moody, Kim. “The State of American Labor.” Jacobin, 20 June 2016, www.jacobinmag.com/2016/06/precariat-labor-us-workers-uber-walmart-gig-economy/.
• Roos, Dave. “Are Millennials Really the First Generation to Do Worse than Their Parents?” HowStuffWorks, 11 Oct. 2013, money.howstuffworks.com/personal-finance/financial-planning/millennials-first-worse-parents1.htm.
• Scott, Patrick. “These Are the Jobs Most At Risk of Automation According to Oxford University: Is Yours One of Them?” The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 27 Sept. 2017, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/27/jobs-risk-automation-according-oxford-university-one/.
• Tomasi, Mari, et al. Men Against Granite. The New England Press Inc., 2004.
• “Women in the Labor Force: a Databook : BLS Reports.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 1 Apr. 2017, www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-databook/2016/home.htm.

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS
Music: "Anti-Exposed Video" by Captive Portal. From the Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC
Music: "Drums For Jobs" by Captive Portal. From the Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "Soft Rain on a Tent & Bird Ambiance" by Kingcornz. From freesound.org. CC BY

EPISODE 6 "POOR DEVIL"
Outside of the sheds, work was still dangerous. Workers were crushed, injured, and combusted. Jack gives us a tour of the abandoned quarries, which he punctuates with bittersweet memories and reflections. He tells a joke about a trick laid-off workers used to get a meal. In the end, Jack just wants to be able to get by.
​
Oral history transcript to be performed: Jack Gills, Derrick Operator (1930s, Federal Writers’ Project interview)
​
VOICE CREDITS
Narrator: Richard Gaiotti

THEME SONG CREDIT
The “John Henry” song at the beginning of our show is from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Used courtesy of the Association for Cultural Equity.

RESEARCH CITATIONS

• "American Plan". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
• Austin, Michael Louis, "Carving out a sense of place: The making of the Marble Valley and the Marble City of Vermont" (2002). Doctoral Dissertations. 99. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/99
• “Employer-Reported Workplace Injuries and Illnesses (Annual) News Release.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 8 Nov. 2018, www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/osh_11082018.htm.
• Kettell, Steven. “Circuits of Capital and Overproduction: A Marxist Analysis of the Present World Economic Crisis.” Review of Radical Political Economics, vol. 38, no. 1, 2006, pp. 24–44., doi:10.1177/0486613405283312.
• Liveright, Peter B. “Unionism and Labor Relations in the Granite Industry, Barre, Vermont.” Goddard College, 1943.
• Slayton, F. C, and Horace Davis. Vermont Quarrying. Vermont. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/wpalh002694/>.
• Soderstrom, Carl W., et al. Forty Gavels: the Life of Reuben G. Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL-CIO. CWS Publishing, LLC, 2017.​
• Tomasi, Mari, et al. Men Against Granite. The New England Press Inc., 2004.
• Wagner, Rodd. “'Groundhog Day' Work Fatalities: How They Died In 2017 Tells Us How To Survive In 2019.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 20 Dec. 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/roddwagner/2018/12/20/groundhog-day-work-fatalities-how-they-died-in-2017-tells-us-how-to-survive-in-2019/#1ee1b2d61e14.
• Woodsmoke Productions and Vermont Historical Society, “Vermont in the Great Depression, 1929,” The Green Mountain Chronicles radio broadcast and background information, original broadcast 1988-89.   https://vermonthistory.org/vermont-in-great-depression-1929

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS
Music: "Unidentified Cajun harmonica tune (II)" by Unidentified [harmonica]. From the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.
Sound Effect: "Bar Crowd - Logans Pub - Feb 2007" by lonemonk. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Cableway » Cableway_03" by alessandro.gargiulo. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Flamenquillo_PlazadelSol" by tallers. From freesound.org.  CC BY
Sound Effect: "Hail, Interior, Light, A" by InspectorJ. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Kuppi rikki / Porcelain cup falls and breaks on the floor" by YleArkisto. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Old train » Train 06 (two trains)" by Glaneur de sons. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Railway station crowd" by arnaud coutancier. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "Rain on a construction site" by oloyolol. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "voices » 20070916.yell" by dobroide. From freesound.org. CC BY

EPISODE 5 "EVERYBODY'S GOT TO LIVE"
If work couldn’t be found in the formal job market, people would find or make work for themselves in the informal market, which is often criminalized. During the heydays of the granite industry, widows of deceased workers supported themselves and their families by running boarding houses or making and selling food, wine, and spirits. Melicenda makes Italian dinners for the wealthier residents of Montpelier, but she does so at great risk. She lives in constant fear of the police raiding her home.

Oral history transcript to be performed: Melicenda Bartoletti, Cook and Caterer (1930s, Federal Writers’ Project interview)

VOICE CREDITS
Narrator: Jenny Blair

THEME SONG CREDIT
The “John Henry” song at the beginning of our show is from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Used courtesy of the Association for Cultural Equity.

RESEARCH CITATIONS

• Amadeo, Kimberly. “Compare Today's Unemployment with the Past.” The Balance, The Balance, 8 May 2020, www.thebalance.com/unemployment-rate-by-year-3305506.
• Bonn, Scott. “Why Elite White-Collar Criminals Are Rarely Punished.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 9 Apr. 2017, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/wicked-deeds/201704/why-elite-white-collar-criminals-are-rarely-punished.
• Denvir, Daniel. “Criminalizing the Hustle: Policing Poor People's Survival Strategies from Eric Garner to Alton Sterling.” Salon, Salon.com, 12 July 2016, www.salon.com/2016/07/08/criminalizing_the_hustle_policing_poor_peoples_survival_strategies_from_erin_garner_to_alton_sterling/.
• “Family and Home, Impact of the Great Depression On.” Encyclopedia of the Great Depression, Encyclopedia.com, 13 May 2020, www.encyclopedia.com/economics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/family-and-home-impact-great-depression.
• Greenfieldboyce, Nell. “Workers Are Falling Ill, Even Dying, After Making Kitchen Countertops.” NPR, NPR, 2 Oct. 2019, www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/10/02/766028237/workers-are-falling-ill-even-dying-after-making-kitchen-countertops.
• Hofherr, Justine. “There Are a Lot of Freelancers, and Most Say They Earn More Money.” Boston.com, The Boston Globe, 5 Oct. 2015, www.boston.com/jobs/jobs-news/2015/10/05/there-are-a-lot-of-freelancers-and-most-say-they-earn-more-money.
• Liveright, Peter B. “Unionism and Labor Relations in the Granite Industry, Barre, Vermont.” Goddard College, 1943.
• Loewen, James W. Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong. The New Press, 2013. Print
• Potter, Dr. Gary. “The History of Policing in the United States.” EKU Online, Eastern Kentucky University, 25 June 2013, plsonline.eku.edu/sites/plsonline.eku.edu/files/the-history-of-policing-in-us.pdf.
• “Status of Regulatory Efforts.” History - Silica Safe, silica-safe.org/regulations-and-requirements/status-of-regulatory-efforts/history.
• Woolner, David B. “Feminomics: Breaking New Ground - Women and the New Deal.” Roosevelt Institute, 3 Nov. 2015, rooseveltinstitute.org/feminomics-breaking-new-ground-women-and-new-deal/.

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS
Sound Effect: "​60-writing" by Leoctiurs. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Family Ambience, Background Noise" by f-r-a-g-i-l-e. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Party Sounds » Party Crowd 1" by Kolezan. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Weaving mills and factories" by phonoflora. From freesound.org. CC BY

EPISODE 4 "MY FATHER SWORE THE KITCHEN BLUE"
Families wanted better, longer lives for their children than what the granite industry could offer. Palmira’s father was furious when she was dating a stone carver. Their family had endured a hard journey to America from Santander, Spain in search of better lives. And it did seem like they were moving up in the world when Palmira landed a job as a switchboard operator. But, Palmira had dreams of becoming a teacher. During the Depression, however, it was hard to see a future beyond being a switchboard operator.
​
Oral history transcript to be performed: Palmira Fernandes, Switchboard Operator (1930s, Federal Writers’ Project interview)

​VOICE CREDITS
Narrator: Weiwei Wang

THEME SONG CREDIT
The “John Henry” song at the beginning of our show is from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Used courtesy of the Association for Cultural Equity.

RESEARCH CITATIONS

• Arguimbau, Ellen. “Number, Please: Women Telephone Operators”. Women’s History Matters. 22 Apr. 2014, http://montanawomenshistory.org/number-please/
• “AT&T Archives: Careers - Toll Operator.” AT&T Archives and History Center, AT&T Tech Channel, 13 Jan. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aw7xFtgGbPE.
• Carmi, Elinor. “Taming Noisy Women: Bell Telephone Female Switchboard Operators as a Noise Source.” Research Online, Goldsmiths, University of London, 3 July 2015, research.gold.ac.uk/11969/1/TAMING%20NOISY%20WOMEN%20-%20Elinor%20Carmi_Final%20version.pdf 
• “A History of the Telephone.” Performance by Vernon Joyner, Rod Willerton, 21 Nov. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJgIWqrRDHE 
• “The History of the Telephone.” CNET, 15 Feb. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3RbnsHTuVw 
• Johnson, Dorothy M. “Confessions of a Telephone Girl”. JSTOR, http://montanawomenshistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Johnson-Dorothy-Confessions-of-a-Telephone-Girl.pdf
• Kravif, Hy. “The Telephone and Telegraph Workers”. International Pamphlets. No.44., https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/international-pamphlets/n44-1935-The-Telephone-and-Telegraph-Workers-Hy-Kravit.pdf 
• Latson, Jennifer. “The Woman Who Made History by Answering the Phone.” Time, 1 Sept. 2015, time.com/4011936/emma-nutt/ 
• “‘Number Please’: The Telephone Comes to Vermont.” Green Mountain Chronicles Radio Show, Woodsmoke Productions and Vermont Historical Society, 1988.
• “Operator! (Bonus Edition).” YouTube, Audio Productions, Inc, 1938, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEy7Zb1Noj8 
• Richards, Susan L. “Gendered Work: Women's Paid Labor in Barre, Vermont and Trinidad, Colorado, 1880-1918.” University of New Hampshire, Durham, 2002.
• Rimer, Sara. “Once a Friendly Fixture, a Telephone Operator Finds Herself Obsolete.” The New 
• York Times, 4 June 1996, www.nytimes.com/1996/06/04/us/once-a-friendly-fixture-a-telephone-operator-finds-herself-obsolete.html. 
• “Training For Service, 1926 - AT&T Archives - Telephone Operator Recruiting.” AT&T Archives and History Center, AT&T Tech Channel, 3 July 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQbwRYCYJzI.
• United States, Congress, U.S. Department of Labor, and Caroline C. Cherrix. “Women Telephone Workers and Changing Technology.” Women Telephone Workers and Changing Technology, U.S. G.P.O., 1963. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/women/b0286_dolwb_1963.pdf 
• Woodcock, Jamie. Working the Phones: Control and Resistance in Call Centres. Pluto Press, 2017.

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS
Music: "Ai, ama! Gaztian nintzanian dama". From the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Association for Cultural Equity.

EPISODE 3 "THERE WAS NEVER TROUBLE GETTING A JOB"
Machines and automation have been putting people out of work for some time, and the Depression is no exception. But, not long ago, there was an industrial boom that required massive amounts of labor - which is why Donegal, a Scottish man, and his family came here. A man could move from job to job as he pleased. But the work wasn’t easy. Working in Barre's granite industry was dangerous. Many workers died before they reached their 40s. Granite carvers had it the worst. The best carvers, the “artists”, died faster than they could be replaced.

Oral history transcript to be performed: Donegall, Stone Carver (1930s, Federal Writers’ Project interview)

VOICE CREDITS
Narrator: Greg Hooker

THEME SONG CREDIT
The “John Henry” song at the beginning of our show is from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Used courtesy of the Association for Cultural Equity.

RESEARCH CITATIONS

• Anagnostou, Yiorgos. Contours of White Ethnicity: Popular Ethnography and the Making of Usable Pasts in Greek America. Ohio University Press, 2009.
• Dove, Laurie L. “When Irish Immigrants Weren't Considered 'White'.” HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 17 Mar. 2017, history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/when-irish-immigrants-werent-considered-white.htm.
• Fairchild, Henry Pratt. “Greek Immigration to the United States.” The Economic Journal, vol. 21, no. 84, 1911, p. 609., doi:10.2307/2221757.
• Fields, Barbara J., and Karen E. Fields. “Beyond ‘Race Relations.’” Jacobin, 17 Jan. 2018, www.jacobinmag.com/2018/01/racecraft-racism-barbara-karen-fields.
• Harper, Marjory. “Emigrant Strikebreakers: Scottish Granite Cutters and the Texas Capitol Boycott.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Apr. 1992.
• McLaughlin, Scott. “History of Barre’s Granite Industry”. Aldrich Public Library. 2018.
• Petenko, Erin, et al. “Class Struggle in Early 20th Century Barre.” VTDigger, VTDigger, 6 Jan. 2017, vtdigger.org/2017/01/06/greg-guma-class-struggle-early-20th-century-barre/.
• Painter, Nell Irvin. “What Is Whiteness?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 20 June 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/sunday/what-is-whiteness.html.
• Petenko, Erin, et al. “Class Struggle in Early 20th Century Barre.” VTDigger, 6 Jan. 2017, vtdigger.org/2017/01/06/greg-guma-class-struggle-early-20th-century-barre/.
• Liveright, Peter B. “Unionism and Labor Relations in the Granite Industry, Barre, Vermont.” Goddard College, 1943.
• Seager, David R. “Barre, Vermont Granite Workers and the Struggle Against Silicosis, 1890–1960.” Labor History, vol. 42, no. 1, 2001, pp. 61–79.
• Sessions, Gene. “The K.K.K. in Vermont, 1924.” The K.K.K. in Vermont, 1924 - Vermont Historical Society, Vermont History, 17 Feb. 2017, vermonthistory.org/research/research-resources-online/green-mountain-chronicles/the-k-k-k-in-vermont-1924.
• Starkey, Brando Simeo. “White Immigrants Weren't Always Considered White - and Acceptable.” The Undefeated, The Undefeated, 10 Feb. 2017, theundefeated.com/features/white-immigrants-werent-always-considered-white-and-acceptable/.
• Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. “What About Racism?” Jacobin. 16 Mar. 2016, www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/black-lives-matter-slavery-discrimination-socialism/.
• Wartzman, Rick. “The First Time America Freaked Out Over Automation.” POLITICO Magazine, 30 May 2017, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/05/30/rick-wartzman-book-excerpt-automation-donald-trump-215207.
• Wood, Paul. “Barre's Granite Timeline, Going All the Way Back.” The Barre Montpelier Times Argus, 21 Apr. 2008, www.timesargus.com/news/barre-s-granite-timeline-going-all-the-way-back/article_9b0deaab-6cf5-5fb8-922b-70c333a1f567.html.

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS
Music: “Canción de canteros”. From the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.  Association for Cultural Equity.
Music: "Failte Rudha Bhatairnis​". From the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Association for Cultural Equity.
Sound Effect: "Ambience, Machine Factory, A." by InspectorJ. From freedsound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Garden Shovel" by Roulaine. Free freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Paper_Shuffling_Crinkling_Crisp" by bewagne. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Wall Clock Ticking" by straget. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Waves » Crowd in a bar (LCR)" by Leandros.Ntounis. From freedsound.org. CC BY

In honor of International Workers' Day, I give you the first few episodes of En Masse! Listen using the players below or find En Masse wherever you get your podcasts. A new episode will be released each Friday. The final episode of Season 1 "Bedrock" will be released on Friday, July 3rd. Subscribe to automatically get the latest episodes on your device. 

Episode 0: Introduction to Season 1, "Bedrock"

Episode 1:  "You're in a different world."

Episode 2: "You got to keep up with the times."

VOICE CREDITS FOR EPISODE 1: "YOU'RE IN A DIFFERENT WORLD"
Storyteller: Sarah Miller
Narrator: Jennifer Gagnon

VOICE CREDITS FOR EPISODE 2: "YOU GOT TO KEEP UP WITH THE TIMES"
Storyteller: "Umbrella Pat"
Narrator: Noel Reyes

THEME SONG CREDIT
The “John Henry” song at the beginning of our show is from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Used courtesy of the Association for Cultural Equity.

RESEARCH CITATIONS FOR EPISODE 0 "INTRODUCTION"

• Frey, Carl Benedikt, and Michael A. Osborne. “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisastion.” Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 1 Sept. 2013, www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.
• Liveright, Peter B. “Unionism and Labor Relations in the Granite Industry, Barre, Vermont.” Goddard College, 1943.
• McLaughlin, Scott. “The Granite Cutter's Story: A History of Vermont's 200 year old Granite Industry” Aldrich Public Library. 10/25/2017
• Mitchell, Stacy. “The Rise and Fall of the Word 'Monopoly' in American Life.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 21 June 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/06/word-monopoly-antitrust/530169/.
• “Vermont Cities by Population.” Vermont Outline, Vermont Outline, 2019, www.vermont-demographics.com/cities_by_population.
• “Washington County Town Census Records.” Vermont History Explorer, Vermont History, vermonthistoryexplorer.org/images/stories/articles/census/washingtoncountycensus.pdf
• West, Darrell M. “Will Robots and AI Take Your Job? The Economic and Political Consequences of Automation.” Brookings, Brookings, 9 May 2018, www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2018/04/18/will-robots-and-ai-take-your-job-the-economic-and-political-consequences-of-automation/.

RESEARCH CITATIONS FOR EPISODE 1 "YOU'RE IN A DIFFERENT WORLD"

• Bushnell, Mark, et al. “Then Again: Immigrants Helped Vermont Boom.” VTDigger, VTDigger, 11 Sept. 2016, vtdigger.org/2016/09/11/immigrants-helped-vermont-boom/.
• ​Cook, Linda. “How Student Loan Debt Burdens the Poor.” Ohio Poverty Law Center, Ohio Poverty Life Center, 16 July 2012, www.ohiopovertylawcenter.org/how-student-loan-debt-burdens-the-poor/
• DeGrace, Thomas. “The Great Depression Facts, Timeline, Causes, Pictures.” Stock Picks System, Stock Picks System Investment Services, 25 Apr. 2011, www.stockpickssystem.com/the-great-depression/
• Doubek, James. “Automation Could Displace 800 Million Workers Worldwide By 2030, Study Says.” VPR, NPR, 30 Nov. 2017, www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/11/30/567408644/automation-could-displace-800-million-workers-worldwide-by-2030-study-says.
• Jan, Mike Dougherty, et al. “Report Finds Poverty and Income Gap Growing in Vermont.” VTDigger, VTDigger, 1 Jan. 2018, vtdigger.org/2018/01/01/report-finds-poverty-income-gap-growing-vermont/.
• Liveright, Peter B. “Unionism and Labor Relations in the Granite Industry, Barre, Vermont.” Goddard College, 1943.
• Lynn, Barry C., and Phillip Longman. “Who Broke America's Jobs Machine?” Washington Monthly, Washington Monthly, 12 Apr. 2018, washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/marchapril-2010/who-broke-americas-jobs-machine-3.
• Marcinkowski, Adam. “What Has Caused the Decline of Prosperity in Barre, Vermont?” Weave News, Weave News, 20 Aug. 2018, www.weavenews.org/stories/2018/8/20/what-has-caused-the-decline-of-prosperity-in-barre-vermont.
• Misra, Tanvi. “The New Rural America, By the Numbers.” CityLab, Bloomberg, 8 Dec. 2016, www.citylab.com/equity/2016/12/a-complex-portrait-of-rural-america/509828/
• Semuels, Alana. “The Downsides of 'Efficiency'.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 26 Jan. 2018, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/03/mergers-efficiency/518031/.
• Thiede, Brian, et al. “6 Charts That Illustrate the Divide between Rural and Urban America.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 17 Mar. 2017, www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/six-charts-illustrate-divide-rural-urban-america.
• “Vermont Economy at a Glance.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor, Apr. 2019, www.bls.gov/eag/eag.vt.htm
• “Washington County Town Census Records.” Vermont History Explorer, Vermont History, vermonthistoryexplorer.org/images/stories/articles/census/washingtoncountycensus.pdf
• West, Darrell M. “Will Robots and AI Take Your Job? The Economic and Political Consequences of Automation.” Brookings, The Brookings Institution, 9 May 2018, www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2018/04/18/will-robots-and-ai-take-your-job-the-economic-and-political-consequences-of-automation/.
• White, Gillian B. “How Many Robots Does It Take to Replace a Human Job?” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 3 Apr. 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/03/work-automation/521364/.
• Winick, Erin. “Every Study We Could Find on What Automation Will Do to Jobs, in One Chart.” MIT Technology Review, MIT Technology Review, 2 Apr. 2020, www.technologyreview.com/s/610005/every-study-we-could-find-on-what-automation-will-do-to-jobs-in-one-chart/.
• Woolf, Art. “The Numbers Are in: Job Growth in Vermont Is Stagnant.” Burlington Free Press, USA Today, 4 Apr. 2018, www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/money/2018/04/04/art-woolf-numbers-job-growth-vermont-stagnant/483711002/

RESEARCH CITATIONS FOR EPISODE 2 "YOU GOT TO KEEP UP WITH THE TIMES"

• DeMichele, Thomas. “The U.S. Is the Only Very Highly Developed Country Without Universal HealthCare - Fact or Myth?” FactMyth.com, Fact / Myth, 31 Jan. 2019, factmyth.com/factoids/the-us-is-the-only-very-highly-developed-country-without-universal-healthcare/.
  Hiltzik, Michael. “Column: Crowdfunding for Medical Expenses Is Rising - When It Should Be Eradicated.” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 28 Apr. 2017, www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-crowdfunding-medical-20170428-story.html.
• Hoffbeck, Steven R. “Remember the Poor’ (Galatians 2:10): Poor Farms in Vermont.” The Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, vol. 57, no. 4, 1989, pp. 225–240.
• Marche, Stephen. “Go Fund Yourself: America’s Dystopian Health Care System Is Forcing People into a Lethal Popularity Contest.” Mother Jones, 8 Jan. 2018, www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/01/go-fund-yourself-health-care-popularity-contest/.
• Wagner, David. “Poor Relief and the Almshouse.” Social Welfare History Project, Virginia Commonwealth University, 17 Apr. 2017, socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/poor-relief-almshouse/.

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS FOR EPISODE 0 "INTRODUCTION"
Music: "16/9" by Circus Marcus. From the Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC
Music: "Ambient Piece #4 (02-13-2017)" by Abishai. From the Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC-ND
Music: "Ambient Piece #1 (12-25-2016)" by Abishai. From the Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC-ND
Music: “Canción de canteros”. From the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.  Association for Cultural Equity.
Music: "Mε Πιάνουνε Ζαλάδες" by Caligine. From the Free Music Archive.  CC BY-NC-SA

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS FOR EPISODE 1 "YOU'RE IN A DIFFERENT WORLD"
Music: “Symphony of Bells” by Abishai. From the Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC-ND
Sound Effect: "Animal world » Day in polish countryside - birds, dog"  by tom_woysky. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: “Country Ambience” by CastleofSamples. From freesound.org. CC BY

SOUND & MUSIC CREDITS FOR EPISODE 2 "YOU GOT TO KEEP UP WITH THE TIMES"
Music: "Streetlife Silentfilm” by Lobo Loco. From Free Music Archive. CC BY-NC-ND
Sound Effect: "Animal world » Day in polish countryside - birds, dog"  by tom_woysky. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "BELLS, BEEPS, SIGNALS recordings » 01112 church bells 3" by Robinhood76. From freesound.org. CC BY-NC
Sound Effect: "farmland » farmland February NL SHORT 130228_00" by klankbeeld. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Foley » Chains 2" by freemaster2. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Foley » RainUmbrella" by HerbertBoland. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "New Foley Sounds- by Allan K Zepeda » Rocks Falling No-Reverb Edition 16 Bit. Foley Sound" by ALLANZ10D. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Puke/Vomiting" by Joao_de_Deus. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "Rocks » rocks1" by mystiscool. From freesound.org. CC BY
Sound Effect: "sound_design_excerpts » Janitor's Bedroom Ambience" : CC BY
Sound Effects: "Vehicles » farm sowing machine 2" by soundmary. From freesound.org. CC BY

On May Day (5/1/2020), an oral-history docudrama will be released as an inaugural season of a new podcast called En Masse. Season 1 "Bedrock" investigates various experiences of class and capitalism from the WPA-era to the present in the long-time “Granite Center of the World,” Barre, Vermont. Listen starting May 1st. Available wherever you get your podcasts.

Music Credit for trailer: Ambient Piece #1 (12-25-2016) by Abishai: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Abishai/Various_Extras/03_Ambient_Piece_1_12-25-2016

AVAILABLE WHEREVER YOU GET YOUR PODCASTS

• Apple Podcasts
• Google Podcasts
• Spotify
• Anchor
• Stitcher
• RadioPublic
• and more!

SEASON ONE: BEDROCK
Barre, VT was once called the “Granite Center of the World." Quarries wide and deep gave rise to an industry that promised to bear the task of immortality. Granite of exquisite quality augured not only exceptional monuments and memorials but exceptional lives for generations to come -- free from the privations of the old country -- or so it was thought. 

There are hundreds of years worth of granite left in Barre’s quarries, but now they only employ a few people. Today, some refer to the town as “Scary Barre” -- its history as a center of industry and radical labor politics overshadowed by its sinking economy and struggles with poverty.

Using performances of oral histories, we will witness how work has changed through economic crises, how those changes are still unfolding, and how they have affected us all.

CREATIVE PARTNERS FOR SEASON 1, BEDROCK
Andrew Sullivan for editorial advice. Dylan Kelley, editor of the Herald of Randolph, for production support. WGDR, Goddard College Community Radio, for use of their production studio. Special thanks to our storytellers and narrators.